Application Defaults deals with the standard settings of Ergosoft RIP. These are the settings that are automatically applied whenever nothing else is set. You can use these to configure automatic operations done to every image when it is imported, set your standard color management settings for images, Job Margins as well as under the hood settings like Postscript Interpreter Parameters, connected Spectrophotometers and UI adjustments like measurement units, etc.
Many of the settings found in Application Defaults are the same as you find in the Job Properties & Actions and Image Properties & Actions section of the JobComposer. But here you can set parameters that will be applied automatically every time an image is imported. E.g. if you always scale your images to the same format, why not save time set the scaling as an Application Default in Image Format.
If you want to change one of the default settings in the RIP, chances are you’ll find it in Application Defaults.
Deals with Image scaling, alignment and rotation. By setting a default image format, the parameters will be applied to all imported images automatically.
To specify an Image Format, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined formats (e.g. ISO DIN A4 – Fit by Margin – Rotate best fit) or set it to --Custom Settings-- .
For more details on how to use Extra Channels, please see the articles Image Editing and Layout > Rotating/Mirroring Images and articles Image Editing and Layout > Rotating/Scaling
Adds Print Marks to any imported image. Typically Print Marks consist of two header lines above the image, one footer line below the image and contains information on the image and settings it is being printed with and a crop mark in each corner of the image. Print Marks can be invaluable to easily identify printouts and the settings they were printed with.
The Print Marks settingscan be tailored excatly to your requirements. Simply check or uncheck the box next to one of the segments to add or remove this module from the printmarks, e.g. unchecking Crop Marks will remove the Crop Marks from this set of Print Marks.
To specify a set of Print Marks, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined formats or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own .
For more details on how to use PrintMarks, please see the articles Image Editing & Layout > Printmarks.
Image AddOns are canned modifications and additions that alter an image without requiring actual changes to the the image file itself. AddOns can be used to add Company Logos, Seam Extensions, Labels and other elements to images directly in the RIP without actually changing the image file itself and eliminating the need to manipulate the files in third party programs.
There are a multitude of different AddOns to choose from. AddOns are fully customizable and can even be combined with each other, empowering users to create unique combinations and applications to speed up and simplify their workflows.
To specify an Add-On, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined Add-Ons or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Image AddOns and the available types, please see the articles Image Editing & Layout > AddOns.
Adds a margin around the selected image file.
To apply margins, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined Add-Ons or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own. and enter the desired margins into the respective fields. Margins may be different on each side.
For more details on how to use PrintMarks, please see the articles Image Editing & Layout > Image Margin.
Crop allows you to cut out part of an image, discarding the rest. In Application Defaults, crop can only be defined numerically by entering exact coordinates or percentages to cut out.
To specify a crop, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either a previously saved crop preset or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Crop, please see the articles Image Editing & Layout > Crop Images.
Images can be separated into horizontal and vertical stripes, also called tiles. This e.g. allows for large images to be printed in parts if their output size is larger than the printing width/material. In function tiling is similar to crop, but used to cut up an image rather than cut out parts of it. Individual tiles may be rotated, scaled and edited like individual images to suit any application.
To specify tiling, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined tiling presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Crop, please see the articles Image Editing & Layout > Tiling.
Allows you to map channels in the image file to output channels and set different parameters for how the channels should be treated for output. This can be used to e.g. map a spot color channel in your image file directly to a special ink cartridge like Fluorescent Yellow on the printer to print in specific areas.
To specify an Extra Channel Replacement, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created replacement presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Extra Channels, please see the article Color Replacement > Extra Channels.
Makes adjustment to image colors by changing Saturation, Brightness & Contrast, Color Balance and Color Gradation.
To specify a Tune setting, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created Tune presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Tune, please see the article Image Editing & Layout > Tune.
Lets you specify default pixel color replacement for RGB raster images. This color replacement is automatically applied to every suitable RGB image that is imported into the RIP. Note that the setting can not be applied if the image doesn’t match the requirements for RGB pixel color replacement. In such cases the setting will be ignored.
To specify an RGB Color Replacement, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created replacement presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Replacement RGB, please see the article Color Replacement > Pixel Color Replacement.
Lets you specify default pixel color replacement for CMYK raster images. This color replacement is automatically applied to every suitable RGB image that is imported into the RIP. Note that the setting can not be applied if the image doesn’t match the requirements for CMYK pixel color replacement. In such cases the setting will be ignored.
To specify an CMYK Color Replacement, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created replacement presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Replacement CMYK, please see the article Color Replacement > Pixel Color Replacement.
Lets you specify default pixel color replacement for Grayscale raster images. This color replacement is automatically applied to every suitable grayscale image that is imported into the RIP. Note that the setting can not be applied if the image doesn’t match the requirements for grayscale pixel color replacement. In such cases the setting will be ignored.
To specify a Gray Color Replacement, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created replacement presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Replacement Gray, please see the article Color Replacement > Pixel Color Replacement.
Lets you specify default pixel color replacement for Lab raster images. This color replacement is automatically applied to every suitable Lab image that is imported into the RIP. Note that the setting can not be applied if the image doesn’t match the requirements for Lab pixel color replacement. In such cases the setting will be ignored.
To specify a Lab Color Replacement, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created replacement presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Replacement Lab, please see the article Color Replacement > Lab.
Lets you specify default spot color replacement images. This color replacement is automatically applied to every suitable image containing the specified spot colors is imported into the RIP. Note that the setting can not be applied if the image doesn’t match the requirements for spot color replacement. In such cases the setting will be ignored.
To specify a Spot Color Replacement, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of your previously created replacement presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Replacement Spot, please see the article Color Replacement > Spot Colors/Named Colors.
Pure Colors tells the RIP that certain colors should only be printed using their respective ink. For example if you don’t want dots of other colors to be mixed in when printing magenta, simply activate Pure Colors for magenta and the ErgoSoft RIP will ensure that magenta areas in image files will be printed using only magenta ink.
Currently Pure Colors supports the following colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, Gray, White, Red, Green, Blue.
For more details on how to use Pure Colors, please see the article Color Replacement > Pure Colors.
Input Color Management settings for raster images are grouped by image color space: RGB, CMYK, LAB and Greyscale. Note that the settings in Raster Images will only affect raster image types (jpg, png, tiff, etc.), and the settings will only affect images with that color space. So none of the settings in "Raster Images" will have an effect on PDF files, and settings made under CMYK will not affect handling of RGB images.
To configure color management for raster images, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined color management presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Management for Raster Images, please see the article Color Management > Input Color Management.
Input Color Management settings for PostScript/EPS images are grouped by image color spaces CMYK and RGB, and sub-divided into different image elements that may appear in such files: Images, Graphics and Text.
Note that the settings in PostScript/EPS will only affect images in PostScript and EPS format (.ps, .eps), and the settings will only affect the specific image element with that color space. So none of the settings in "PostScript/EPS" will have an effect on PDF files, and settings made under CMYK will not affect handling of RGB images.
To configure color management for PostScript/EPS files, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined color management presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Management for Raster Images, please see the article Color Management > Input Color Management.
Input Color Management settings for PDF images are grouped by image color spaces CMYK, RGB, Gray and LAB and sub-divided into different image elements that may appear in such files: Images, Graphics and Text.
Note that the settings in PDF will only affect images in PDF format (.pdf), and the settings will only affect the specific image element with that color space. So, none of the settings in "PDF" will have an effect on raster or eps files, and settings made under CMYK will not affect handling of RGB images.
To configure color management for PDF files, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined color management presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Color Management for Raster Images, please see the article Color Management > Input Color Management.
Some applications require one printer to emulate the printing behavior of another, either for proofing purposes to test prints on a less expensive machine before committing to the final production output, or to ensure that multiple printers print the same way for distributed production runs. Ergosoft 16 makes this easy with the simulate target printer feature.
Simulate Target Printer uses the color profiles to adapt one printers’ output to another, effectively simulating the print behavior of the reference printer on or more different printers.
To configure Target Printer Simulation, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either one of the predefined Simulate Target Printer presets or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Simulate Target Printer, please see the article Color Features > Simulate Target Printer.
Lets you adjust settings related to the processing of PostScript and PDF files.
Raster Resolution reduction is a feature of Ergosoft 16 that will decrease the resolution of a file during processing, allowing to raster files faster and more reliably process even complex files. After the processing, the resolution is then increased again to the output resolution specified for the printer. By default Ergosoft 16 will automatically use this feature when appropriate.
This setting can be very useful if you are noticing very long raster times for your PostScript/PDF files or if processing of such files fails at the raster stage.
Automatic Raster Resolution Reduction, Minimum resolution: Sets the minimum resolution that Raster Resolution reduction can use. E.g. if you set 300dpi here, raster resolution will not be reduced lower than 300dpi.
Raster Resolution Reduced by factor: With this alternate mode, raster resolution is reduced by a fixed factor. For example, setting 2 will automatically reduce the raster resolution by half.
Interpreter for PDF Rendering: Sets which
Postscript Interpreter should be used for processing. Legacy will use the
Ghostscript Interpreter that was common in older versions of the RIP such as
14, while Default will use the Aurelon Interpreter introduced in version 15.
While the legacy interpreter has some uses such as to use tune and pixel color
replacement in PDF files, we generally recommend using the Default Interpreter.
Crops or covers up parts of your image by applying a second image on top of it and removing/covering parts of the original image based on the image content of the second, Mask Image. Mask Image works similar to features such as Clip Masks in programs like Photoshop, where a shape is juxtaposed with an image so that only the parts that overlap are visible.
To specify a mask, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either a previously saved mask preset or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Mask Image, please see the articles Image Editing & Layout > Mask Images.
Enables you to take any bmp or tiff image and repeat it any number of times in horizontal and/or vertical direction with or without offset, creating a pattern of any size that can be treated as any other image. This way you can create large area patterns to fill your textile materials without having to store gigabytes of image data for Jobs spanning hundreds of square meters.
To configure a Step&Repeat pattern that should be applied to every imported image, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either a previously saved Step&Repeat preset or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For more details on how to use Step&Repeat, please see the articles Textile Features > Step & Repeat.
The Background Color Removal Feature makes it possible to selectively remove certain colors from image files for printing. By defining a custom color value to remove, users can keep this color from being printed in the output without having to alter the image file itself.
To configure a Background Color Removal that should be applied to every imported image, set the dropdown menu at the top of the dialog to either a previously saved Background Color Removal preset or set it to --Custom Settings—to specify your own.
For details on how to use Background Color Removal, please see the article Color Features > Background Color Removal.
Control the standard media size for jobs as well as the margins at the top, bottom left and right edges of jobs. By default these settings will be grayed out as they are normally configured in the Print Environment settings because the right settings to use are normally printer specific. If you want to define a global media size and margins instead, first go into your Print Environment settings > Media Size and uncheck Use as default for this Print Environment. Re-Enter Application Defaults > Job > Media Size and Margins and you should find the settings available.
You can use the dropdown menu in Media Size to select one of the predefined standard Media Sizes, use the Add button to create a new media size, or use the edit button to change one of the existing ones. Note that setting 0 for width and/or height size will mean the maximum possible size for this printer as defined by the driver.
Whenever a new Job is opened, the settings specified here will be applied.
For details on how to use Media Size and Margins, please see the articles Job > Media Size and Job > Job Margin.
Contains some special settings relating to margins, image positioning, tiling, Fotoba cut marks and timeouts for previews in the PrintQueue.
Position Template: Sets a default position template to be applied to every job automatically.
Dimensions for Media Centering: Specifies how the Center function (Right Click > Center) should behave. Center can either apply relative to the media size or the job size (Job size is media size minus potential margins, etc.). You can also specify an offset value to move centered images either to the left or right automatically for special applications.
Auto Tiling
Control how images are split up when they are too large to fit onto the material.
Mode determines how the images are split up. You may choose to Create Tiles of Equal Size, Create Tiles of maximum size or Shrink Image instead of Tiling. If Shrink is selected, the RIP will display a warning every time an image is shrunk. You can turn this warning message off by checking Suppress Auto-Shrinkage warning.
Overlap adds a mirrored overlap space to each tile for easier joining after print. Set the desired amount of overlap in the field to add it.
Put each tile on a separate page adds a new page to the job for each tile and puts each tile on its own page.
Check Print Cut Marks to activate Fotoba Cutmarks. These marks are read by Fotoba cutters to determine position of the print and properly cut.
For details on how to use Fotoba Cut Marks, please see the articles Production Feature > Job Fotoba.
Auto-fill job barcode with Job ID: The barcode field of Job Information (Job Properties & Actions > Job Info > Barcode) is automatically filled with the Job ID. This way it can be automatically be added to PrintMarks and generated Elements such as barcodes, etc.
Wait Job Timeout for creating print job previews(s): When active sets a timeout for how long the RIP will allow to create the small Job Preview in the PrintQueue. For certain complex images this can take a long time and delay proper Job processing. In such cases you might want to set a timeout. After the timeout is reached, preview creation is stopped and a black placeholder preview is displayed so production can continue.
Outer Margin: Specifies an outer margin for images imported into the job. If an outer margin has been specified, it will automatically be added to every image that is imported into a Job.
Job Processing Policy defines several parameters related to how the RIP handles Jobs, temporary data, workflows and preflight.
To configure a Job Processing Policy that
should be applied to every imported image, set the dropdown menu at the top of
the dialog to one of the predefined processing policies for different use cases
such as Harddisk Low Storage (Settings focusing on conserving space),
Production – Data Security (Settings focusing on regular backups and preventing
data loss), etc. Select one of the Policies in the dropdown menu to see the its
settings in the summary field below.
Or click the Add button to configure your own custom Job Processing Policy.
For details on the different Settings for Job Processing Policies, please see the articles Jobs > Job Processing Policies.
Different Settings regarding display of the UI such as the monitor profile, unit of measure used in the RIP, default image editors (For right-click > Edit).
Monitor Profile: Set the monitor profile that you are using. Setting the proper monitor profile brings the colors on the display in line with preview colors used by the RIP and minimizes inaccuracies in display color caused by the monitor. Does not affect print colors. Either select one of the profiles from the dropdown menu or use Import… to add a new one.
Units: Set the measuring unit used inErgosoft 16 and wether rulers should be displayed along the edges of the Job in the Jobcomposer.
Images: Set the default Editior for different image types. This enables the function Image right click > Edit…. The RIP will automatically open the image editor ascosciated with the respective image type and load the image into it.
Tree View Options: Sets the separation icon for tree structure views, e.g. in the Print Environment Manager.
Settings regarding Snapshots/Image Previews, i.e. the visual represantation of your images in JobComposer Jobs. Lets you limit the total amoung of disk space taken up by snapshot files, delete existing Snapshots, turn off snapshots altogether, etc.
Disk space in use by image folders
Controls how much disk space may be taken up by snapshots. Check Limit space consumption and enter a GB value into the field to set a limit. When the limit is reached, the current snapshots will be deleted to make space.
You can also Delete All Snapshots at any time to create space.
Now in use Displays how much disk space is currently taken up by snapshots.
Suppress image display turns off snapshots in the JobComposer. Images are instead shown as a white placeholder rectangle with diagonal stripes.
Use original image as high resolution snapshot when viewed at high resolutions, the actual image is displayed instead of a snapshot. Increases image quality at high resolution view.
Cache Memory sets the amount of cache memory available for snapshots.
High Resolution Snapshot size sets the maximum size allowed for high resolution snapshots. Larger size means better image quality at high resolutions.
Store Snapshots in image folder (Not recommended) will save the snapshots in a subfolder of the folder where the image is imported from instead of a dedicated folder in the User Data. This is generally not recommended as it may lead to issue saving or loading the snapshots..
Controls how raster data for Postscript and PDF files is handled (Affects PS, PDF and EPS file types). Note that these settings only apply to the PostScript Interpreter running on the local machine. It does not affect jobs rastered on a remote computer using the Sequoia feature set.
Settings relating to temporary data created by the PostScript Interpreter. Size shows how much disk space is currently taken up by temporary raster files, free space shows currently available free space on the disk where temporary raster files are stored.
Folder sets where temporary raster data is stored. You can change this at any time using the Change Folder... button or delete all raster data with the Empty Folder... button.
Use separate subfolders for local RipEngines creates a subfolder for each RIPEngine to avoid conflicts when the same image/job is rastered on multiple engines at the same time.
Empty raster folder before ripping a new job will delete the temporary raster data for the respective RIPEngine before starting to process a new job. This ensures that files are always rerastered and no existing raster data is reused.
Check Limit disk space consumption and enter a GB value into the field to set a limit for how much disk space may be taken up by temporary raster data. When the limit is reached, the current snapshots will be deleted to make space.
Keep free for other applications sets a percentage value of space on the disk that needs to remain free (E.g. Entering 20 will ensure that 20% of total disk space remains free).
Delete Raster Files after deletes all raster files after the set number of days.
Compression of raster data
Sets if and by how much raster data should be compressed. Higher compression takes up less space, but may lead to longer raster times. Available options are High, Low and None.
PostScript/PDF buffer size
Control how much of the avalable memory may be take up by the buffer for temporary raster data.
Available Physical memory shows how much memory is available in total.
Used by program lets you set a percentage of the value that may be used as buffer for temporary raster data. This value should not be set too high as it may lead to issues processing jobs when the operating system does not have enough space to handle other operations. If you notice many postscript jobs failing, it is recommended to lower the buffer size here.
Controls settings relating to Spectrophotometers (Color measuring devices) connected to the RIP. You can detect/connect devices to the RIP for use with the Density Linearization, Color profiling and Color Measuring features as well as set measurement standards, default Printmarks for Calibration Charts and various settings for chart printing.
Detect a connected measuring device so it can be used in Ergosoft 16 to measure charts and colors. Make sure your measureing device is connected to the computer and turned on. Select your type of Spectrophotometer from the dropdown menu and click Detect/Set to have the RIP establish a connection to the measuring device. When succesful, a window pops up showing the measuring device type and serial number.
Options lets you set different parameters for the measuring device such as measuring mode, Illumination Condition etc. These may differe between different measuring devices, depending on what settings the device supports. From options you can also calibrate your device by using the Calibrate... button.
Change the measurement standards used for measuring colors. The default settings are suitable for a wide range of applications, but for certain applications you may want to adapt these.
CIE Illuminant/Observer dictates how Lab or XYZ values are calculated from spectral data. Changing this will affect the way measured colors are perceived by the RIP and stored. Click Change to switch to a different mode. Available standards are ICC Standard (D50, 2 Degree) and Textile & Painting (D65 10 Degree)
Density Specification from Primary Inks
Different Options relating to the way the calibration chart is printed.
Print Marks controls what print marks are printed with the chart. You may use one of the existing types of print marks or create a new one by using the Add... button.
Total ink color treshold for contrast bars sets how much ink may be used for the small bars in the chart that separate different color patches.
Chart background color (CMYK) lets you set a background color for the chart. This color will be printed across the entire background of the chart, including below the color patches.
Automatically underlay colors with primer/white/varnish prints the respective special ink below the chart automatically (Provided it is present in the printer and properly configured in the Printing Ink Assignment.)
Miscellanious settings regarding the user interface. This dialog lets you set behavior of the context menu, when settings are applied, default rendering intents for different applications, default measurement unit and currency, etc.
Group Presets and Templates in Menus: Composite Image/Job Presets and Position Template context menus display their list of entries in Subgroups.
Menu Item Size: Size of dropdown menu icons and items in JobComposer.
Toolbar Size: Size of Toolbar icons in JobComposer.
Property Icon Size: Size of property icons in JobComposer.
Toolbar Dropdown Size: Width of Toolbar dropdowns in JobComposer for Print Environments and Cut Environments.
Thumbnail Display in Queue Panes: When enabled, the JobComposer Queue panes display a thumbnail within the job list entries. Three sizes are available (Small, Medium, Large).
Selection Context Menu: Sets which context menu is displayed when you right click in the Job or on an image. There are 3 types available: Standard, Select Property Page, Legacy.
Automatic Apply Discard sets how dialogs (Specifically in Properties & Actions) behave when you leave them without clicking Apply or Discard. Setting Automatic Apply will automatically apply your settings changes when you leave a dialog. Automatic Discard will discard your settings changes when you leave the dialog.
Job Double Click Action sets what happens when you doubleclick in a Job. Toggle Workspace switches your workspace to the Edit workspace. You may also turn this off by setting it to None.
Adjust Job to Print Environment Specify if jobs should keep their Print Environment or be automatically adjusted to the selected Print Environment. If set to keep their Print Environment, the active Print Environment is always automatically switched to the one the job was created for.
Create New Jobs instead of New pages: Creates a new Job when normally a new page would be created.
Ask to Save Modified Jobs displays a prompt when closing a Job that has been changed to ask if the Job should be saved. You may set this to Always Ask, Ask when not printed, or Never Ask.
Ask for Infos when creating a new job when turned on, a prompt appears when opening a new Job to enter Job Information such as customer name, customer person responsible, customer order number, customer order name, customer project, barcode string.
Ask to select JobPreset: When a new Job is created, a prompt appears that lets you select which Job Preset to apply to the Job.
Always allow Overlay Mode: When enabled, Overlay Mode is also available for printers (Print Environments) with extra channels. Not recommended as this can lead to unwanted results when transparencies are applied to the images.
Color values decimal place when activated, a single decimal space for color values in some dialogs.
Delta E prediction calculation sets the default printer profile for Delta E prediction for dialogs where the profile cannot be selected.
Delta E prediction RI sets the default rendering intent for Delta E prediction for dialogs where the Rendering Intent cannot be selected.
Default RI for Color Replacement sets the default Rendering Intent for color replacement. This is what will be preselected in all color replacement dialogs and automatically used in some color replacement applications where no custom rendering intent can be selected.
Show advanced rendering intents sets if all rendering intents should always be available for selection including advanced ones such as preserve black (Note that these rendering intents only affect outputs with CMYK output profiles.
Out of Gamut Map Thresholds: Specify Thresholds for out of Gamut levels (Green, Yellow, Red) in Gamut Thematic Map.
Currency set the currency to be used in Cost Factors
Ink Amount Unit sets the measurement unit for amounts of ink in Cost Factors
TIFF Import Defaults: Default Settings for TIFF Import.
Use media size for preview set if the full media size should be displayed for job previews in the PrintQueue.
Job preview size specifies the pixel size of the longer side of the job preview in the PrintQueue.
Use Thumbnail of Raster Images for Job Preview: Use Thumbnail of raster image instead of larger Snapshot to create Job Preview. Can theoretically reduce time it takes to save or submit a job.
International Encoding for Job Elements use international character encoding for generated job elements and variable data. Useful for languages with special character and non latin characters.
Use basic rendering for Generated Elements: Switch to simpler but faster rendering routine for generated Elements.
EPS/PDF Character Encoding: Sets spot color name encoding (How 8bit characters should be converted to unicode).
Deactivate Intel E-Cores: When enabled, RIPEngines will not use Intel E-Cores for rastering.